Quality Improvement - 328284 Words

I Sixth Edition ntroduction to Statistical Quality Control DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY Arizona State University John Wiley Sons, Inc. Executive Publisher: Don Fowley Associate Publisher: Daniel Sayer Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Welter Marketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Production Manager: Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor: Sandra Dumas Senior Designer: Kevin Murphy New Media Editor: Lauren Sapira Editorial Assistant: Mark Owens Production Management Services: Elm Street Publishing Services Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The paper in this book was†¦show more content†¦The objective is to give the reader a sound understanding of the principles and the basis for applying them in a variety of situations. Although statistical techniques are emphasized throughout, the book has a strong engineering and management orientation. Extensive knowledge of statistics is not a prerequisite for using this book. Readers whose background includes a basic course in statistical methods will find much of the material in this book easily accessible. Audience The book is an outgrowth of more than 35 years of teaching, research, and consulting in the application of statistical methods for industrial problems. It is designed as a textbook for students enrolled in colleges and universities, who are studying engineering, statistics, management, and related fields and are taking a first course in statistical quality control. The basic quality-control course is often taught at the junior or senior level. All of the standard topics for this course are covered in detail. Some more advanced material is also available in the book, and this could be used with advanced undergraduates who have had some previous exposure to the basics or in a course aimed at graduate students. I have also used the text materials extensively in programs for professional practitioners, including quality and reliability engineers, manufacturing and development engineers, product designers,Show MoreRelatedQuality Assessment And Quality Improvement1363 Words   |  6 Page sQuality assessment and quality improvement in healthcare are methods for assessing the performance of healthcare delivery in terms of quality. Quality is a term broadly describing efficient access to care and effective services, which meet health needs of individuals and populations. Quality assessments are commonly carried out by health service organizations to comply with regulatory agencies and as part of a continual improvement process. Data obtained from quality assessments helps determine theRead MoreQuality Improvement Implementation2049 Words   |  9 PagesQuality Improvement Implementation In todays business world, competition is high and most organizations search for ways to gain an advantage in their respectable markets. One of the obvious, but unfortunately overlooked, ways to be at the forefront is establishing, maintaining, and constantly improving quality processes within an organization. Riordan Manufacturing has an established quality culture and strives to maintain the quality processes that are currently in place. Through its qualityRead MoreThe Key Concepts Of Quality Improvement1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe key concepts of quality improvement are the new designing system and process changes that lead to improve operation and sustainable quality of organization culture. When new design and procedure are introduced, the change management priority is to transit employees to new state. To developing culture of quality, the quality management plan is the key feature of change management that needs to inform structure as a specific wide-rang of leadersh ips in organization to support transformation changeRead MoreEvaluating The Quality Improvement Initiative And Financial Implications904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe targets are being met. The measurements in a quality improvement project are important to assess where the organization stands with the project, and to determine success of the project (Sadeghi, Barzi, Mikhail, Shabot, 2013). There are both financial performance metrics and quality performance metrics that are used in healthcare to determine success. The purpose of this paper is to propose on outline for evaluating the quality improvement initiative and financial implications, along withRead MoreComponents Of Continuous Quality Improvement1407 Words   |  6 PagesQuality improvement has philosophical components by emphasizing satisfaction with the consumer (patient, provider, and payer) and health outcomes by focusing on having a mission, values, and objectives to measure performance and implementation (Sollecito Johnson, 2013, p. 11). In order to create this, they review the whole system of service by gathering information from the system operation and patient, so that one can understand the root cause of the information (Sollecito Johnson, 2013, p.Read MoreApplication Of Quality Improvement Methodologies1732 Words   |  7 Pages This literary piece is a systematic review of the application of quality improvement methodologies. The goal of the paper is to identify and evaluate the utilization and effectiveness of quality improvement methods in the surgical field. The search identified thirty-four articles with nine studies describing continuous quality improvement (CQI). Five Six Sigma, five total quality management (TQM), five Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) cycles, five statistical process control (SPC), four Lean and one LeanRead MoreContinual Improvement (Total Quality Management)3503 Words   |  15 Pagesprocess, 63 out-of-limits parts in every 1 million produced by a 4-sigma process, and so on. 1.2 History of SPC SPC(Statistical Process Control) originated as far back in 1931, when Dr Walter Shewhart wrote a book, The Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. He is a statistician from Bell Laboratories which was the first to realise that data could be retrieved by industrial processes themselves. By using statistical methods, these data could then signal that the process is inRead MoreImprovement of the Quality in the Automobile Industry1514 Words   |  6 Pages3 Methodology This work is done to study the improvement of the quality in automobile industry. This chapter consists three sections named as â€Å"Problem definition†, â€Å"Objectives† and â€Å"Methodology of the study† respectively. The section 3.1 named as â€Å"Problem definition† describes the challenge or difficulty that is to be solved. The solution may be achieved after fulfilling the objective by using some sub-objectives that are described in section 3.2 named as â€Å"Objectives†. The methodology described inRead MoreEvaluation Of A Quality Improvement Plan929 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful aspect of this quality improvement plan was staff compliance to the checklist and selected EBP interventions. Collaboration with high management to improve quality and nurse performance lead to a developed system with the changing needs of performance improvement initiatives. The project keeps surgical knowledge up to date and relevant with the support from the staff and managers. The ability to provide feedback during huddle meeting intiated open communication. The quality management team reportedRead MoreQuality Improvement And Patient Safety1583 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Improvement and Patient Safety In the United States alone there are 98,000 deaths per year caused by low quality health care (Ignatavicius Workman, 2013, pg. 2). This statistic is disturbing because the errors that resulted in death were errors that were preventable. The intent of this chapter is to bring awareness to health care providers that are able to make a change in the quality of health care. In current practice patients are subjected to medication errors, preventable hospitalizations

Stereotypes Of African American Filmmakers And Directors

Stereotypes of African Americans in Tyler Perry Films Nautica C. Hereford Wright State University Abstract This paper highlights the negative stereotypes of African Americans that are reinforced in Tyler Perry’s films. The misrepresentation of African Americans in the media has become normalized, meaning African Americans in stereotypical roles have become accepted (Tosi, 2011). The misrepresentation of African Americans in Perry’s films can be traced back to his cruel upbringing. This paper discusses the issues of having common stereotypes portrayed in Perry’s film. In addition, this paper utilizes Eric Festinger’s social comparison theory to explain the potential consequences of negatively stereotyping African Americans.†¦show more content†¦The negative stereotypes depicted by Tyler Perry, a successful African American male, sends a message to his viewers. In addition, the motives behind Perry’s support of stereotypes in his films are inspired by personal traumatic experiences from his childhood and young adulthood. Perry as an Individual Some of the extreme scenes in Tyler Perry’s films can be traced back to his childhood. Perry was born in a household that was not only abusive, but unstable. His father was a verbally and physically abusive alcoholic who worked in construction. Perry revealed his father’s abusive ways in an interview stating his drunken father, â€Å"got the vacuum cleaner extension cord and trapped me in a room and beat me until the skin was coming off my back. Perry later found out that the man who always abused him was not his biological father. His mother’s one attempt to leave her abusive husband failed when he reported the car stolen. She along with other family members went to jail until the husband bailed them out. Perry’s father was not the only abuser in his life, His grandmother abused him as well. She thought he had germs on him and one day decided to kill those germs by bathing him in in ammonia His upbringing was so difficult that he attempted suicide to escape his brokenness. Perry regained control of his life by striking out on his own and pouring his past pain into writing (Owoseje, 2014). Viewers unaware of

Inflation Rate Free Essays

string(19) " tend to be lower\." Assignment On India’s Trend of Economic Growth and Employment (Since the year 1980 to2010) Submitted to DR. TAPAS KUMAR PAL Presented By * ARNABI BOSE (Roll- 1) * DIPA DAS (Roll- 10) * PURNAMRITA MALLICK (Roll- 3) * SWATI AGARWAL (Roll- 25) * TISTA BISWAS (Roll- 26) (MHROM 1st semester, Calcutta University) CHART SHOWING DATA OF NOMINAL REAL GDP, GROWTH RATE, INFLATION DEFLATION RATE AND EMPLOYMENT (PUBLIC PRIVATE SECTOR) IN INDIA SINCE 1980 TO 2010 Year| NominalGDP(Rs. )| NominalGDP Growth Rate(%)| RealGDP(Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Inflation Rate or any similar topic only for you Order Now | RealGDP Growth Rate(%)| Deflator| InflationRate(%)| Public Sector(million)| PrivateSector(million)| Total Employment(million)| EmploymentRate(%)| 1980-81| 1368. 38| 19. 51| 7985. 06| 7. 21| 17. 14| 11. 51| 15. 48| 7. 40| 22. 88| 2. 3| 1981-82| 1602. 13| 17. 08| 8434. 26| 5. 63| 18. 99| 10. 79| 16. 28| 7. 53| 23. 81| 4. 06| 1982-83| 1789. 85| 11. 72| 8680. 91| 2. 92| 20. 62| 8. 58| 16. 75| 7. 39| 24. 14| 1. 38| 1983-84| 2093. 56| 16. 97| 9362. 69| 7. 85| 22. 36| 8. 43| 17. 22| 7. 36| 24. 58| 1. 82| 1984-85| 2351. 13| 12. 30| 9733. 57| 3. 96| 24. 15| 8. 00| 17. 58| 7. 43| 25. 01| 1. 4| 1985-86| 2627. 17| 11. 74| 10138. 66| 4. 16| 25. 91| 7. 28| 17. 68| 7. 37| 25. 05| 1. 71| 1986-87| 2929. 24| 11. 48| 10576. 12| 4. 31| 27. 69| 6. 86| 18. 24| 7. 39| 25. 63| 2. 31| 1987-88| 3320. 68| 13. 36| 10949. 92| 3. 53| 30. 32| 9. 49| 18. 32| 7. 39| 25. 71| 0. 31| 1988-89| 3962. 95| 19. 34| 12062. 43| 10. 16| 32. 85| 8. 34| 18. 51| 7. 45| 25. 96| 0. 97| 1989-90| 4565. 40| 15. 20| 12802. 28| 6. 13 | 35. 66| 8. 55| 18. 77| 7. 58| 26. 35| 1. 50| 1990-91| 5318. 13| 16. 49| 13478. 89| 5. 29| 39. 45| 10. 62| 19. 06| 7. 68| 26. 74| 1. 48| 1991-92| 6135. 28| 15. 37| 13671. 71| 1. 3| 44. 87| 13. 73| 19. 21| 7. 85| 27. 06| 1. 19| 1992-93| 7037. 23| 14. 70| 14405. 03| 5. 36| 48. 85| 8. 87| 19. 33| 7. 85| 27. 18| 0. 44| 1993-94| 8197. 61| 16. 49| 15223. 43| 5. 68| 53. 85| 10. 23| 19. 45| 7. 93| 27. 38| 0. 73| 1994-95| 9553. 85| 16. 54| 16196. 94| 6. 39| 58. 98| 9. 52| 19. 47| 8. 06| 27. 53| 0. 54| 1995-96| 11185. 86| 17. 08| 17377. 40| 7. 29| 64. 37| 9. 13| 19. 43| 8. 51| 27. 94| 1. 48| 1996-97| 13017. 88| 16. 38| 18763. 19| 7. 97| 69. 38| 7. 78| 19. 56| 8. 69| 28. 25| 1. 10| 1997-98| 14476. 13| 11. 20| 19570. 31| 4. 30| 73. 97| 6. 61| 19. 42| 8. 75| 28. 17| 0. 8| Year| NominalGDP(billion)| NominalGDP Growth Rate(%)| RealGDP(billion)| RealGDP Growth Rate(%)| Deflator(%)| InflationRate(%)| Public Sector(million)| PrivateSector(million)| Total Employment(million)| EmploymentRate(%)| 1998- 99| 16687. 39| 15. 28| 20878. 27| 6. 68| 79. 93| 8. 05| 19. 41| 8. 70| 28. 11| 0. 21| 1999-00| 18472. 73| 10. 70| 22462. 76| 7. 59| 82. 24| 2. 89| 19. 31| 8. 65| 27. 96| 0. 53| 2000-01| 19919. 82| 7. 83| 23427. 74| 4. 30| 85. 03| 3. 39| 19. 14| 8. 65| 27. 79| 0. 60| 2001-02| 21677. 45| 8. 82| 24720. 52| 5. 52| 87. 69| 3. 12| 18. 77| 8. 43| 27. 20| 2. 12| 2002-03| 23382. 00| 7. 86| 25706. 0| 3. 99| 90. 95| 3. 71| 18. 58| 8. 44| 27. 02| 0. 66| 2003-04| 26222. 16| 12. 15| 27778. 13| 8. 06| 94. 39| 3. 78| 18. 20| 8. 25| 26. 45| 2. 10| 2004-05| 29714. 64| 13. 32| 29714. 64| 6. 97| 100| 5. 94| 18. 01| 8. 45| 26. 46| 0. 03| 2005-06| 33905. 03| 14. 10| 32530. 73| 9. 48| 104. 32| 4. 32| 18. 19| 8. 77| 26. 96| 1. 88| 2006-07| 39532. 76| 16. 60| 35643. 63| 9. 57| 110. 91| 6. 31| 18. 00| 9. 24| 27. 24| 1. 03| 2007-08| 45820. 86| 15. 91| 38966. 36| 9. 32| 117. 59| 6. 02| 17. 67| 9. 88| 27. 55| 1. 13| 2008-09| 53035. 67| 15. 75| 41586. 76| 6. 72| 127. 53| 8. 45| 17. 80| 10. 38| 28. 18| 2. 28| 200 9-10| 60914. 5| 14. 86| 45076. 37| 8. 39| 135. 13| 5. 96| 17. 86| 10. 85| 28. 71| 1. 88| * INTRODUCTION: * What is GDP? Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country’s standard of living GDP = private consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports ? imports) * Nominal GDP is GDP evaluated at current market prices. Therefore, nominal GDP will include all of the changes in market prices that have occurred during the current year due to inflation or deflation. In order to abstract from changes in the overall price level, another measure of GDP called real GDP is often used. Real GDP is GDP evaluated at the market prices of some base year. For example, if 1990 were chosen as the base year, then real GDP for 1995 is calculated by taking the quantities of all goods and services purchased in 1995 and multi plying them by their 1990 prices. * Inflation is defined as a rise in the overall price level, and deflation is defined as a fall in the overall price level. The inflation rate is one of the most important economic forces consistently weighing on the value of a nation’s currency. Low Inflation Causes Growth: It is argued that low inflation can contribute to a higher rate of growth in the long term. This is because low inflation helps promote stability, confidence, and security and therefore encourages investment. This investment helps promote long term economic growth. If an economy has periods of high and volatile inflation rates, then rates of economic growth tend to be lower. You read "Inflation Rate" in category "Papers" * High Inflation and Low Growth: It is possible that an economy can experience low growth and high inflation this can occur if there is cost push inflation. Cost push inflation could be caused by rising oil prices. It increases costs for firms and reduces disposable income. Therefore, there is lower growth, whilst high inflation. * What is the relationship between inflation unemployment and Real GDP? During peak periods of the business cycle when the economy is experiencing rapid growth in real GDP, employment will increase as businesses seek workers to produce a higher output. If real GDP grows too quickly, however, it can cause price inflation as firms are forced to bid against one another or increasingly scarce workers. In contrast during trough periods of the business cycle the economy is experiencing declines in real GDP, and employment rates are low. This is classic Neo-Keynesian economic theory. * Workings: 1. Calculation for Deflator: (Nominal GDP/Real GDP)*100 2. Calculation for Inflation Rate: {(Current Year’s GDP Deflator – Previous Year’s GDP Deflator) / Previous Year’s GDP Deflator}* 100 3. Calcul ation for Growth Rate: {(Current Year Growth Rate-Previous Year Growth Rate)/Previous Year Growth Rate}*100 4. Calculation for Employment Rate: (Current Year Employment Rate-Previous Year Employment Rate)/Previous Year Employment Rate}*100 # We have calculated nominal GDP and Real GDP at the Factor Cost. * The average inflation rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average inflation rate of year 1980-85 is: (11. 51+10. 79+8. 58+8. 53+8)/5=9. 48 The average inflation rate of year 1985-90 is: (7. 28+6. 86+9. 49+8. 34+8. 55)/5=8. 10 The average inflation rate of year 1990-95 is: (10. 62+13. 73+8. 87+10. 23+9. 52)/5=10. 59 The average inflation rate of year 1995-2000 is: (9. 13+7. 78+6. 61+8. 05+2. 89)/5=6. 89 The average inflation rate of year 2000-05 is: 3. 39+3. 12+3. 71+3. 78+5. 94)/5=3. 98 The average inflation rate of year 2005-10 is: (4. 32+6. 31+6. 02+8. 45+5. 96)/5=6. 21 * The average Employment Rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average emplo yment rate of year 1980-85: (2. 3+4. 06+1. 38+1. 82+1. 74)/5=2. 26 The average employment rate of year 1985-90: (1. 71+2. 31+0. 31+0. 97+1. 50)/5=1. 36 The average employment rate of year 1990-95: (1. 48+1. 19+0. 44+0. 73+0. 54)/5=0. 87 The average employment rate of year 1995-2000: (1. 48+1. 10+0. 28+0. 21+0. 53)/5=0. 72 The average employment rate of year 2000-05: (0. 60+2. 12+0. 66+2. 10+0. 03)/5=1. 0 The average employment rate of year 2005-10: (1. 88+1. 03+1. 13+2. 28+1. 88)/5=1. 64 * The average Real GDP Growth rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average real GDP growth rate of year 1980-85 is: (7. 21+5. 63+2. 92+7. 85+3. 96)/5=5. 51 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is: (4. 16+4. 31+3. 53+10. 16+6. 13)/5=5. 65 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is: (5. 29+1. 43+5. 36+5. 68+6. 39)/5=4. 83 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is: (7. 29+7. 97+4. 30+6. 68+7. 59)/5=6. 76 The average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is: (4. 30+5. 52+3. 99+8. 06+6. 7)/5=5. 76 The average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is: (9. 48+9. 57+9. 32+6. 72+8. 39)/5=8. 69 * Conclusion: As we can see the average real GDP growth rate from 1980-85 is 5. 51 and the average inflation rate of year 1980-85 is 9. 48 as well as the average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is 5. 65 and the average inflation rate of year 1985-90 is 8. 10. So, it can be observed that, when the real GDP growth rates increased in the next consecutive years, the inflation rate has been decreased. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is 4. 83 and average inflation rate of year 1990-95 is 10. 9. Here with respect to the year 1985-90, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the inflation rate is increasing. Further, average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 76 and the average inflation rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 89. Here again, with respect to the year 1990-95, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the inflation rate is decreasing. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is 5. 76 and average inflation rate of year 2000-05 is 3. 98. Here with respect to the year 1995-2000, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the inflation rate is also decreasing. And, average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is 8. 69 and average inflation rate of year 2005-10 is 6. 21. Here with respect to the year 2000-05, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the inflation rate is also increasing. THEREFORE, FROM THE ABOVE COMPARISONS, GOING WITH THE MAJORITY, WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN INDIA, SINCE THE YEAR 1980-2010, REAL GDP GROWTH RATE AND INFLATION RATE ARE INVERSELY RELATED, AS FOR 3 CASES WE CAN SEE WHEN REAL GDP GROWTH RATES HAVE INCREASED, INFLATION RATES HAVE DECREAS AND VICE VERSA †¦ Now, as per our assignment, we have to compare India’s Trend of Economic Growth with Employment (Since the year 1980 to2010). As we can see the average real GDP growth rate from 1980-85 is 5. 51 and the average employment rate of year 1980-85 is 2. 26 as well as the average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is 5. 65 and the average employment rate of year 1985-90 is 1. 36. So, it can be observed that, when the real GDP growth rates increased in the next consecutive years, the employment rate has decreased. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is 4. 83 and average employment rate of year 1990-95 is 0. 7. Here with respect to the year 1985-90, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the employment rate is also decreasing. Further, average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 76 and the average employment rate of year 1995-2000 is 0. 72. Here again, with respect to the year 1990-95, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the employment rate is dec reasing. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is 5. 76 and average employment rate of year 2000-05 is 1. 10. Here with respect to the year 1995-2000, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the employment rate is increasing. And, average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is 8. 69 and average employment rate of year 2005-10 is 1. 64. Here with respect to the year 2000-05, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the employment rate is also increasing. THEREFORE, FROM THE ABOVE COMPARISONS, GOING WITH THE MAJORITY, WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN INDIA, SINCE THE YEAR 1980-2010, REAL GDP GROWTH RATE AND EMPLOYMENT RATE ARE INVERSELY RELATED, AS FOR 3 CASES WE CAN SEE WHEN REAL GDP GROWTH RATES HAVE INCREASED, EMPLOYMENT RATES HAVE DECREAS AND VICE VERSA †¦ How to cite Inflation Rate, Papers

Contemporary Health Issues & Policies-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Health Issues and Policies. Answer: Introduction As per the new report of Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACCR), the school attendance of indigenous children is getting worse despite extensive investment in Closing the Gap programs (ABC News 2017). Closing the Gap campaign is a government strategy to reduce all forms of disadvantages present in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and promoting educational achievement in indigenous people was one of the goals of the campaign. However, latest reports suggest that half of indigenous students do not complete their schooling and they are absent at least 10% of the school year (ABC News 2017). The school attendance rate for indigenous student in 2014 was 83.5% and in 2017, it was 83.2%. This suggest that attendance rate has remained stable, however the data is low compared to school attendance for non-indigenous student, which was 93% in 2017 (Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au. 2018). This indicates that the target of Close the Gap program to reduce the gap for school attendance in indigenous children has not been achieved. In relation to this issue, the Western Australian State government is having an inquiry into Indigenous school attendance completion. To provide an evidence-based parliamentary session, this paper explores the issue in-depth by linking it to relevant social determinant of health factors. The paper also has the scope to provide idea about how recent policies have addressing social determinant factors affecting indigenous school attendance and recommend changes or improvement needed in existing policies. Link between indigenous school attendance completion and social determinant of health: Social determinant of health is the factor or condition under which person lives, work and ages and these conditions have an impact on health of an individual. For example, the employment condition, education, housing, urbanization and financial factors determine health and well-being of an individual or population (World Health Organization 2018).Hence, in response to the issue of poor school attendance in indigenous children, it can be said that several social determinant factors like urbanization issues, poverty issues and employment factor has resulted in poor school completion rate in indigenous people. The link between each of these factors and their contribution to the issue of poor Indigenous school attendance/completion rate is understood by further discussion in the next section. Urbanization issues and housing are two social determinants of health that determines well-being of people and their ability to access education to promote health (Patil 2014). By comparing the data related to school attendance in indigenous and non-indigenous children, it has been found that lower school attendance was higher for children living in more remote areas compared to those living in metropolitan areas. In addition, the attendance rate of non-indigenous group is higher because remoteness is not an issue for them (Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au. 2018). Hence, differences in living and housing condition of non-indigenous and indigenous people have been seen due to urbanization and employment issues. Urbanization is a process that leads to growth of cities and economic development and affects health of an individual. People living in city finds easy access to health, however those living in slums and remotes areas are socially excluded. They lack accessibility to resources necessar y for health and well-being (Patil 2014). Hence, urbanization as a social determinant of health and the reason behind decline in school attendance from metropolitan areas to remotes areas are understood from the discussion. To improve school attendance of indigenous children, housing issue needs to be targeted first as this can only improve educational outcomes for children. Cunningham and MacDonald, (2012) explained that housing is strongly related to school outcome. Children who live in remote areas or overcrowded areas lack the necessary resource to do well in their studies. In addition, parents experiencing housing issues priorities other activities instead of sending children to school. The discussion clear states that housing problems affect school attendance and make children vulnerable to lower academic achievement. Children living in underdeveloped or remote areas are also likely to suffer from health consequence due to exposure to insects, infection and pollution. Hence, addressing housing issue is important not only to improve school attendance in indigenous people but also to improve their outcome. Employment is also a social determinant factor that has links to the issue of low indigenous school attendance rate. Employment is a factor that shapes social position of a person and type of jobs and conditions of underemployment determines and health and well-being of an individual. People suffering from employment issues are more likely to suffer from mental and physical health issues (Benach et al. 2014). The review of local environment of indigenous people suggests that they suffer from poverty, unemployment and poor community facilities. Hence, such employment issues results in poor parents attitude towards education and it significantly has an impact on rate of school attendance of children. Employment is linked to educational outcome in a person and this is understood from the fact that when indigenous and non-indigenous Australians have low level of education, there no employment gap. However, when low educational attainment is found in any group, it results in poor health o utcome, reduced employment opportunities and lower income too (Pmc.gov.au. 2018). Current policies and Australian governments efforts to improve employment opportunities for indigenous people can increase the likelihood of complete school attendance rate in their children. There is a need to analyze teaching methods, method of engagement with parents and early interventions by the Australian government too to understand the cause behind disparities in school attendance between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Understanding teaching methods and method of engagement in school is also important because many parents relate poor attendance to school related factors such as school environment and attitude of teachers towards children (Krakouer 2016). Hence, as current policy initiatives like Close the Gap are not on the track to achieve the goal of educational attainment in Indigenous student, there is a need to analyze current policy initiatives for the group to recommend future course of action to improve attendance in schools for indigenous student. Policies Related to the education of Indigenous people According to the statistical report, the indigenous group of people is the most unfortunate and disadvantaged group in the continent. The figures related to the level of income, health, the ultimate expectancy of life, income level affects largely upon the capability of the indigenous population to effectively participate in the educational system (Pmc.gov.au 2015).Reports from UNESCO broadly highlights numerous policies and programs in the platform of social sciences, communication, information and education for providing positive impacts and effective opportunities for the indigenous children (Humanrights.gov.au 2018). The UNESCO policy of leave no one behind at the 2030 commitment targets to ensure that all the rights and requirements of the indigenous group of people are noticed and resolved (Un.org 2016).Furthermore, the UN declaration on the rights of the indigenous group of people by the guidelines of UN General Assembly and the UN Development Group states the importance of engaging and guiding the indigenous people in various sectors of development within their community (Unesco.org 2017). Educational policies of the indigenous people Governmental policies aim to improve the educational outcomes and livelihood of the indigenous students so that they get successful in every aspect of their life and in the field of education and career. The policies provide guidance for the management and development of the indigenous education by fixing out certain principles, protocols, and objectives. The policy further aims to align the educational activities at the college and school level with the national educational policy for the indigenous group of people. The NSW Aboriginal Education Consultative Group is one of the major advisory bodies for the evolution of the educational field of the indigenous students (Unesco.org 2017). The government of Australia is committed for achieving higher results for the indigenous people and the governmental agencies are working with the targeted states and the community for ensuring the policy programs at the mainstream schools and colleges contribute for the improvement in the educational background and outcomes for all the community students. Furthermore the policies by the state government targets to affirm the basic rights of the indigenous students for their fair, significant and equitable opportunities in education for a quality education. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework by the government of Australia is constructed in support of the indigenous education and in the identification of the requirement for the development and maintenance of the flexible and innovative practice to improve and support educational policy. Some of the notable policies of the government are ACT Department of Education and Training, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Strategic Plan 200609, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Matters: Strategic Plan 20102013, Ministerial Council for Education Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Action Plan 2010-2014 and more (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). These policies mainly highlight the importance of the students to participate in the concept of learning and earning until they attain a senior secondary certificate and turn 17.The six closing gaps regarding the SDOHs of the indigenous group includes: The end of the life expectancy gap and the impact of the life expectancy on the education of the indigenous students. The gap in the mortality rates for the indigenous children less than five years. Investigating and ensuring that all the indigenous children f the remote communities have access to childhood education. Closing the gap in reading, writing, and numeracy among the all the students. Halving the employment gap and gap in wage rates among the indigenous community people. The impact of less pay and lower income rates on the level of education and rate of school going among the children in the community (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). The gap for the students of the indigenous community from receiving equal treatment and good quality education in the institutions and schools in Australia. In respect to the above six gaps stated above, the government of the state and the territorial government are committed to reduce and abolish the gaps of marginalization and discrimination that impacts the educational status and health of the community people. The figure below illustrates the rate of indigenous children attaining the school level education and the effect of the health status on the attainment of primary education among the indigenous community group. Figure 1 Source: (Humanrights.gov.au 2018) Recommendation As the government tries to maintain control, the lack of progression in the field of education among the indigenous community students highlights a new form of colonization (Marmot et al. 2012). Thus some of the recommended outcomes for the effective development of the health and the educational status of the indigenous population include the achievement of parity for the indigenous students, introduction for the need-based recurring funding. The need for a strategic framework and new governmental policies for the introduction of stipend facilities for the indigenous students are some of the major recommended measures (Fisher et al. 2016). Furthermore, practices and opportunities for school level and institutional changes and the commonwealth programs of the government needs to be revised to promote effective quality of education among the indigenous students of Australia (Jacob, Liu and Lee 2015). Some of the essential steps the government can take include the introduction of schola rship and free aid programs for the low-income families in the indigenous community and improvement of the attitudes of the non-indigenous people towards the indigenous group. Introduction of indigenous tutorial assistance scheme and vocational training facilities for the students of the indigenous group needs to be revised. The principles of justice and equity needs to restored and policies should be formed focusing on the achievement and support of the educational and health outcomes of the indigenous students. Conclusion Education is considered to be the basic human right and imposition of inappropriate policies has resulted in a further loss of indigenous people. The United Nations Declaration on the rights of the Indigenous People states that it is the basic right of the indigenous people to participate actively in the health and education programs. Though various international efforts have been implemented for the indigenous children in the realization of the rights to the indigenous education, much improvement is needed to abolish the barriers the community people face in accessing quality education. References: ABC News. 2017. Indigenous and rural school attendance getting worse, new report shows. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-06/indigenous-school-attendance-going-backwards/9230346 Aihw.gov.au. 2016.Australias health 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/d115fe0f-9452-4475-b31e-bf6e7d099693/ah16-4-2-social-determinants-indigenous-health.pdf.aspx [Accessed 24 Apr. 2018]. Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G. and Muntaner, C., 2014. Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health.Annual review of public health,35. Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au. 2018. Education | Closing the Gap. 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